ADHD and the Adult Learner: Strategies and Considerations for Educators

Written by Jenna Kline, First Literacy Board Member

ADHD stands for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Symptoms of ADHD include inattention or inability to stay focused, hyperactivity consisting of excess movement that is not fitting to the setting, and impulsivity (acting in the moment without thought). According to the American Psychiatric Association, ADHD is considered a chronic and debilitating disorder and is known to impact the individual in many aspects of their life including academic and professional achievements, interpersonal relationships, and daily functioning.

Understanding Adult ADHD

ADHD is commonly associated with children, but a recent study reported by the CDC estimates that 6% of U.S. adults have an ADHD diagnosis and about 3% were not diagnosed until adulthood. Symptoms may present different in adults as well. While children may present themselves as impulsive and hyperactive, adults with ADHD seem unorganized, disinterested, and scatter brained. Individuals may also have deficits in executive function, which is a key factor affecting academic success.

Tom Brown, PhD, is a researcher in studying executive function. Brown breaks executive functions down into six different “clusters”.

1. Organizing, prioritizing and activating for tasks
2. Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to task
3. Regulating alertness, sustaining effort and processing speed
4. Managing frustration and modulating emotions
5. Utilizing working memory and accessing recall
6. Monitoring and self-regulating action

Adult learners with executive function impairments may struggle with the ability to prioritize and manage thoughts and actions, making it difficult to complete tasks and remember important things.

Natalie Simms-Granger, LMSW, is a Psychotherapist in the Baltimore, Maryland area and has been diagnosed with ADHD herself. She notes that in her experience, adults with ADHD must approach learning differently.

“From a professional and personal standpoint, I would say that adults with ADHD do not do well with the standard ‘learn by reading.’ I need to highlight things, take written notes, and I am able to remember material better if I listen to it or watch a video on it.”

ADHD Guidance for Adult Educators

When teaching adults with ADHD, educators should consider several strategies and accommodations to maximize learning, engagement, and success. Key considerations include:

1. Structured Environment: Adults with ADHD often benefit from clear routines, structure, and predictable schedules. Clearly outline objectives and agendas for each session.
2. Chunking Information: Break complex information into smaller, manageable parts. Frequent breaks and shorter lessons can help maintain attention and reduce overwhelming feelings.
3. Multisensory Learning: Incorporate visual, auditory, and kinesthetic activities to engage different learning styles, keeping lessons dynamic and interactive.
4. Clear Instructions: Give concise, direct instructions and check for understanding. Written instructions can supplement verbal directions.
5. Active Participation: Encourage discussion, hands-on activities, and real-life application to keep learners actively engaged.
6. Flexible Assessment: Offer multiple ways for learners to demonstrate understanding (written, oral, project-based, etc.), accommodating different strengths.
7. Minimize Distractions: Create a learning space with minimal distractions. Suggest strategies like noise-canceling headphones or seating away from high-traffic areas.
8. Time Management Tools: Teach and provide access to organizational tools such as planners, timers, calendars, and apps to help manage tasks and deadlines.
9. Positive Reinforcement: Use encouragement and positive feedback to build confidence and motivation.
10. Empathy & Patience: Recognize that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental difference. Approach challenges with understanding, patience, and flexibility.
11. Check-ins and Support: Regularly check in with learners to address concerns, clarify misunderstandings, and provide support as needed.
12. Teach Self-Advocacy: Encourage adults to communicate their needs and advocate for themselves regarding accommodations and learning preferences.

Most importantly, educators who work with adults should note that each student has a different set of challenges. It is crucial to consider the unique picture of each adult learner, as educators go about designing strategies, accommodations, and modifications in the classroom.

While ADHD is a hinderance, it is not a showstopper. There is treatment available for individuals with ADHD, such as medication and psychotherapy. Treatment can reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Individuals are encouraged to speak to a health care professional if they feel they are experiencing symptoms of ADHD.